Sources

The research and data behind our economic analysis of marginalized groups and their contributions to society.

Congressional Budget Office, "The Budgetary Effects of Recent Immigration" (2024)

The nonpartisan CBO estimates that the recent surge in immigration will increase U.S. GDP by roughly $8.9 trillion and reduce federal deficits by about $900 billion over the next decade, compared with a lower-immigration path.

American Immigration Council, "New American Fortune 500" (updated 2024)

Analysis of Fortune 500 companies showing that roughly 45–46 percent were founded by immigrants or the children of immigrants, and that these firms generate trillions in revenue and employ millions of workers.

McKinsey Global Institute, "The Power of Parity" (2015)

A global modeling exercise estimating that advancing women's equality in work and opportunity could add about $12 trillion to worldwide GDP within a decade.

Citigroup, "Closing the Racial Inequality Gaps" (2020)

A breakdown of the economic losses from racial inequality in the United States, estimating that discrimination against Black Americans in wages, education, housing, and business investment has cost about $16 trillion in lost GDP, with trillions more to gain if gaps are closed.

Human Rights Campaign Foundation & Whistle Stop Capital, analysis using 15 years of Corporate Equality Index data (2024–2025)

Shows that companies with stronger LGBTQ+ workplace inclusion tend to enjoy higher long-term revenue growth, stronger net income, and more stable stock performance than those with weak policies.

Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, "LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development" series (2010s)

Cross-country research finding that countries with more legal rights for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people tend to have higher GDP per person and better development outcomes, even after accounting for other factors.

International Labour Organization, "The Price of Exclusion" (2009)

An examination of the macroeconomic costs of excluding disabled people from work, estimating that disability exclusion can cost economies several percentage points of GDP.

The Lilac Review (UK, 2024–2025)

A government-backed review of disabled entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom, concluding that barriers facing disabled founders may be costing the economy up to £230 billion and highlighting that disabled-led innovations often become mainstream technologies.

For more information and citations, visit each story page.